1. Verbal Manifestations of Pain
Pain can cause people to verbalize their discomfort in a variety of ways. Some of the common verbal manifestations of pain include moaning, groaning, and expressions of distress or anger. People in pain may also use words to describe their pain, such as “burning”, “stabbing”, or “aching”.
2. Non-Verbal Manifestations of Pain
People in pain may also exhibit non-verbal signs of pain such as facial expressions of distress, grimacing, or crying. In addition, pain can cause people to become more withdrawn and less communicative. Other non-verbal signs of pain include increased heart rate, shallow breathing, and physical posturing such as curling up in a ball or arching the back.
3. Behavioural Manifestations of Pain
Behavioural manifestations of pain can include changes in sleeping patterns, changes in appetite, and lack of energy. People in pain may also become more irritable and have difficulty concentrating or focusing. In addition, people in pain may have difficulty engaging in activities that they previously enjoyed.