Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a type of hypersensitivity reaction in which the body’s own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own red blood cells. In this condition, the body’s own antibodies attach to the red blood cells, which then become vulnerable to being destroyed by the spleen. This can lead to anemia, a condition in which there are too few healthy red blood cells in circulation. IMHA can be a life-threatening condition and is typically treated with immunosuppressive medications to help regulate the body’s immune system.
Symptoms of IMHA
IMHA can cause a wide range of symptoms, including paleness, fatigue, shortness of breath, jaundice, and dark urine. It can also cause a low platelet count, an enlarged spleen, and abdominal pain.
Causes of IMHA
The cause of IMHA is unknown, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. In autoimmune disorders, the body’s own immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. It is believed that IMHA is triggered by an infection or an allergic reaction to a drug or food.
Diagnosis of IMHA
IMHA is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests. A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal a low red blood cell count, as well as a high reticulocyte count. A reticulocyte count measures the number of immature red blood cells in the body. Other tests that may be used to diagnose IMHA include an antibody screen, a direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and a Coombs test.
Treatment of IMHA
The treatment for IMHA depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may only require supportive care, such as rest and fluids. More severe cases may require medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants to help reduce the body’s immune response. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to replace the lost red blood cells.
