Hemolytic anemia is anemia that occurs when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. It can be either acute or chronic, and the prognosis and treatment of each type varies. In some cases, hemolytic anemia can be life-long, while in others it may be temporary and resolve without treatment.
Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia
The symptoms of hemolytic anemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Common signs and symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and an enlarged spleen or liver.
Causes of Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia can be caused by a variety of medical conditions, including autoimmune disorders, infections, blood disorders, and medications. Some of the most common causes of hemolytic anemia include:
• Autoimmune disorders such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome can cause the body to produce antibodies that attack and destroy red blood cells.
• Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and Epstein-Barr virus can cause red blood cells to be destroyed.
• Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia can cause red blood cells to break down more quickly than they can be produced.
• Certain medications, such as those used to treat cancer, can also cause hemolytic anemia.
Diagnosis of Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia is usually diagnosed through a physical exam and a variety of laboratory tests. Your doctor may order tests to measure the number and shape of red blood cells, as well as tests to measure hemoglobin levels and determine how quickly red blood cells are breaking down.
Treatment of Hemolytic Anemia
The treatment for hemolytic anemia will depend on the underlying cause. If the condition is caused by an infection or medication, the underlying cause should be treated. In some cases, medications such as steroids or immunosuppressants may be prescribed to reduce the body’s production of antibodies that are attacking red blood cells. In other cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to replace lost red blood cells. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.
Is Hemolytic Anemia Life Long?
The prognosis for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, the anemia may be temporary and may resolve without treatment. In other cases, the anemia may be life-long and require ongoing treatment.
