Alkaptonuria, also known as ochronosis, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase (HGO), which is necessary for the body to break down the amino acid tyrosine. This leads to a build-up of homogentisic acid in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms and health complications.
The most common symptom of ochronosis is the presence of dark-colored urine, caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine. Additionally, individuals with ochronosis may experience joint pain and swelling, hearing loss, and heart problems. The disorder can also affect the eyes, leading to vision problems. Over time, the accumulation of homogentisic acid can also cause a yellow-gray to black discoloration of the skin, eyes, and other tissues, a condition known as ochronotic arthropathy.
There is currently no cure for ochronosis. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing further complications from arising. This may include medications to reduce joint pain and swelling, hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing, and regular eye exams to monitor vision. Additionally, dietary changes may be recommended to minimize the build-up of homogentisic acid in the body.
Overall, ochronosis is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase that results in a build-up of homogentisic acid in the body. The most common symptom is the presence of dark-colored urine, but other symptoms can include joint pain and swelling, hearing loss, and vision problems. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing further complications.