When someone has allergies, their immune system is reacting to something that it perceives as a threat. This is known as an allergic reaction and it is caused by an overreaction of the immune system to a foreign substance, such as pollen, dust, pet dander, or certain foods.
The Immune System and Allergies
When a person is exposed to an allergen, the immune system will produce antibodies, which are proteins that recognize the allergen. The antibodies will then bind to the allergen and trigger a reaction. This reaction can cause symptoms such as sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and an itchy or runny nose.
The Role of Histamine
The immune system response leads to the release of histamine, which is a chemical that causes inflammation. Histamine causes the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as redness, swelling, and itching. If the allergic reaction is severe, histamine can also constrict the airways, leading to difficulty breathing.
Treatment for Allergies
The best way to treat allergies is to avoid the allergen that is causing the reaction. If this is not possible, medications may be used to reduce the symptoms. Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, can be used to reduce the inflammation and itching. Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine, can be used to reduce the swelling in the airways. In some cases, immunotherapy may be recommended to desensitize the immune system to the allergen.