Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. While the average age of onset is between 55 and 75 years, about 10-15% of cases are diagnosed before age 40. This is known as "early onset ALS."
Risk Factors for Early Onset ALS
ALS is a progressive disorder, meaning that it gets worse over time. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of ALS may be at an increased risk of developing the disease, particularly if they have relatives who were diagnosed before age 40. Other risk factors for early onset ALS include exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as lead or mercury, and certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or HIV.
Symptoms of Early Onset ALS
The symptoms of early onset ALS are similar to those of the more common form of the disease. They include muscle weakness, muscle stiffness, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and difficulty breathing. As the disease progresses, these symptoms become more pronounced and can lead to paralysis.
Diagnosis of Early Onset ALS
Diagnosis of early onset ALS is based on a detailed medical history, physical examination, and a variety of tests, including blood tests, MRI scans, and nerve conduction studies. A diagnosis of ALS can be confirmed only with a biopsy of the affected muscle or nerve tissue.
Treatment of Early Onset ALS
There is currently no cure for ALS, but treatments are available to help slow the progression of the disease and manage the symptoms. These include medications, physical therapy, and speech therapy. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to help improve quality of life.
Although ALS is not very common before age 40, it is important for individuals with a family history of the disease or other risk factors to be aware of the symptoms and seek prompt medical attention if they occur. Early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life.