Confirming a diagnosis of pneumonia depends on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests.
Clinical Symptoms: A patient with pneumonia may present with a cough that produces sputum, chest pain, fever, shortness of breath, chills, and fatigue.
Physical Examination: A physician will typically evaluate a patient's respiratory system, including listening to the lungs with a stethoscope for abnormal sounds known as crackles or wheezes. They may also use a pulse oximeter to measure the oxygen level in the patient's blood.
Laboratory Tests: Laboratory tests can be used to help diagnose pneumonia. These may include a complete blood count (CBC), a chest X-ray, or a sputum culture. A CBC can detect an elevated white blood cell count, which is indicative of infection. A chest X-ray can show signs of pneumonia such as fluid in the lungs or an enlarged heart. A sputum culture can identify the bacteria or viruses causing the infection.
In addition, other tests may be used depending on the patient's history and presentation. These may include an electrocardiogram, an echocardiogram, or a bacterial antigen test.
In summary, pneumonia can be confirmed using a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A physician will evaluate the patient's respiratory system, order lab tests to detect infection, and use additional tests depending on the patient's history and presentation.