Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a life-threatening inflammatory condition of the pancreas. It is characterized by a rapid onset of abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. SAP can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly and aggressively.
Definition of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
SAP is defined as an acute inflammation of the pancreas accompanied by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organ dysfunction. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a combination of signs and symptoms indicative of an acute systemic inflammatory response. Organ dysfunction is defined as a decrease in the body’s ability to perform its normal physiological functions.
Causes of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
The most common cause of SAP is the presence of gallstones in the biliary tract. Other causes include excessive alcohol consumption, trauma, infection, medications, and other medical conditions.
Risk Factors for Severe Acute Pancreatitis
The risk of developing SAP is higher in individuals with a history of excessive alcohol consumption, gallstones, obesity, advanced age, and certain medical conditions. Additionally, certain medications can increase the risk of developing SAP.
Symptoms of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
The most common symptom of SAP is severe abdominal pain that radiates to the back. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and jaundice.
Diagnosis of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
SAP is diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endoscopic procedures.
Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Treatment of SAP depends upon the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Treatment may include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, pain medications, surgery, and nutritional support. In some cases, supportive care such as tube feeding may be necessary.